IN SEARCH OF THE AMERICAN DREAM
By Karina Moreno Rojas
*** ** Immigrant Invasion *
Mexico is one of the main countries most "leaks" work destined for United States. Thus, while in our country a growing number of so-called ghosts communities inhabited places only children and elderly people in the U.S. Latino or Hispanic neighborhoods are increasing.
reportedly Elaine Levine, a researcher at the Centre for Research on North America UNAM (CISAN) between 1967 and 2006 the U.S. population grew from 200 to 300 million, the Latino population that contributes most to the same with 36 percent. "Today, approximately 45 million Latinos represent about 15% of the total population and over 60% of them are Mexicans."
In an interview, José Luis Valdés Ugalde, director of CISAN, said the market's inability to provide minimum employment conditions for workers in power is because of the job search at other sites, with their northern neighbors the best and closest place .
"Migration Policy Institute found that 85.7 percent of Mexicans aged 16 and over are part of the workforce. In the case of men, he said, 40 percent work in construction, mining and transport sector, and 21 in services. Meanwhile, among women 37 percent working in services and 16 percent in manufacturing, "said Patricia Muñoz " The Foreign Ministry seeks dialogue with migrants' ( La Jornada, May 14, 2008).
The Mexican states with the highest influx of migration to the neighboring country are: Jalisco, Michoacan, Guanajuato and Zacatecas. In recent years, also joined Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Puebla, Morelos, Hidalgo, Mexico State and Federal District. Jorge Durand professor at the University of Guadalajara and migration specialist "in the early twentieth century began its journey through: living in towns and states on the railway crossed the Bajio and" recruiters "came by them; and labor has always been necessary in the empire. " Notably
states south and southeast of the country, often with indigenous people, are being abandoned. Migration to cities with the intention of reaching the land of Stars and Stripes, mainly in the last two decades, is increasingly common, since, as Armando Bartra says in his text "The rights of migrants and the right not to migrate "," eight out of 10 farm workers are Mexican and United States including those of Indian origin began to be many. "
Fernando Santana, who now works in the shop Sanborn's of Perisur as a clerk in the department of records and sound, Fercho, as it is called by his friends, visited the country several years ago gringo, because after marriage at 18 and father a child, concerns did economic basis "I had to earn more to support my little kid, so I thought of going to work in the U.S.," he said in an interview.
Fortunately, we had a family "other side" as his father and brother were waiting with a roof to share and search for job security. This is an advantage for more than 500 million Mexicans who cross the border each year, since this is "many migrants and may be welcomed in spaces or more family friendly than in the past when it was most inhospitable undocumented migration, "said Valdés Ugalde.
However, Fernando "even if you have family on the other side, fear on the journey never goes away, you start to wonder, what if I fail the coyote? or fear for your life to be caught by la migra. "
And, as mentioned in the text Bartra cited above, you risk a lot to the cross: "[...] those who go on foot or risking their lives on freight trains, those who fail to pass and get stuck in this side in the maquila or precarious jobs [...] those who die on the way: heat or cold, thirst or drowning, train, knife or bullet, those who fall into the hands of the INS [...] those men and they catch the sordid prostitution in brothels, bars or teibols. "
Most of those crossing are young people between 15 and 25, although in recent years has been recording as many entire families who intended to cross the desert, even newborns.
For this reason, it is easy to believe Arturo Cano "Towards a geography of another Mexico" when he says that "one out of every ten Mexican households have a member with a history of migration to the United States. Only 93 of 2 000 443 municipalities are not linked to migration, either through remittances or migrant. "
According to the National Population Council (CONAPO) there are a total of 21.5 million Mexicans in the U.S. guests, ie, 60 percent of the total number of Hispanics. It is pertinent to point out that the term Hispanic has its origins from 1940 when the census identified under it to anyone who indicated English as their mother tongue, but now believes it is a loose term, since even it is exclusionary and offensive for those who do not share the English language, as the case of Brazilians said they Paz Trigueros Article Lengarreta "The diverse world of Latino" .
But Mexicans residing in the United States, "45% are women, 13% are under 15 years, 70% are between 15 and 45 years and 17% are over 45. Overall, the Latino population and had 36.3 million total population growth in the nineties to 57.9%, four times that of the U.S. population in general. The Mexican population was the major contributor to this growth, "said Arturo Cano La Jornada.
Although most Americans believe that immigrants are a cost to his nation the reality is quite the opposite. Immigrants work at low wages for their undocumented status, they do not absolve it from paying taxes. Simply, the unreturned item of tax and pensions paid by the government, the U.S. remains each year five billion dollars.
addition to the above, migrants are at the heart of agricultural production in the States. "In agriculture it is all in English, so that only they can get are American, but are 1%. The United States is a Mexicanized agriculture: 85% of its workers was born in Mexico. Two million, "said Durand. And if figures
treated, CONAPO offers a time line which includes the number of Mexicans who have left the country seeking the American dream. To begin during the 60's Parts 260 to 290 thousand people during the 70's 1.2 to 1.5 million in the next decade was an amount of between 2.1 and 2.6 million in the 90's the figure rose to 3 million.
Later, during the presidency of Vicente Fox, the border crossed over 2 million Mexicans, equivalent to the entire population of Baja California Sur, Campeche, Colima and it is expected that by 2015 no more than 4 million Mexicans, while By 2030 it is estimated up to 10 million migrants. Cano
cited in the text to the doctor and Ofelia Woo specialist, who said that female migration was seen for a long time as "family reunification." But in the early 90's, a study by the researcher showed that women who had left for the U.S. own individual claims, because "40% of respondents were single and most had at least finished high school. Between l998 and 2000, women who crossed the border as undocumented, 56% and 39% were single heads of household. "
The case of child migration is of great relevance, as opposed to what could be considered, children do not travel decisions of parents or forming a family, are smaller than try to pass on their own, without families or smugglers. The Immigration and Naturalization Service states that 60 000 people who pretend to the other side are children and 90 thousand a year manage to cross. According to Arturo Cano
Mexico is one of the main countries most "leaks" work destined for United States. Thus, while in our country a growing number of so-called ghosts communities inhabited places only children and elderly people in the U.S. Latino or Hispanic neighborhoods are increasing.
reportedly Elaine Levine, a researcher at the Centre for Research on North America UNAM (CISAN) between 1967 and 2006 the U.S. population grew from 200 to 300 million, the Latino population that contributes most to the same with 36 percent. "Today, approximately 45 million Latinos represent about 15% of the total population and over 60% of them are Mexicans."
In an interview, José Luis Valdés Ugalde, director of CISAN, said the market's inability to provide minimum employment conditions for workers in power is because of the job search at other sites, with their northern neighbors the best and closest place .
"Migration Policy Institute found that 85.7 percent of Mexicans aged 16 and over are part of the workforce. In the case of men, he said, 40 percent work in construction, mining and transport sector, and 21 in services. Meanwhile, among women 37 percent working in services and 16 percent in manufacturing, "said Patricia Muñoz " The Foreign Ministry seeks dialogue with migrants' ( La Jornada, May 14, 2008).
The Mexican states with the highest influx of migration to the neighboring country are: Jalisco, Michoacan, Guanajuato and Zacatecas. In recent years, also joined Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Puebla, Morelos, Hidalgo, Mexico State and Federal District. Jorge Durand professor at the University of Guadalajara and migration specialist "in the early twentieth century began its journey through: living in towns and states on the railway crossed the Bajio and" recruiters "came by them; and labor has always been necessary in the empire. " Notably
states south and southeast of the country, often with indigenous people, are being abandoned. Migration to cities with the intention of reaching the land of Stars and Stripes, mainly in the last two decades, is increasingly common, since, as Armando Bartra says in his text "The rights of migrants and the right not to migrate "," eight out of 10 farm workers are Mexican and United States including those of Indian origin began to be many. "
Fernando Santana, who now works in the shop Sanborn's of Perisur as a clerk in the department of records and sound, Fercho, as it is called by his friends, visited the country several years ago gringo, because after marriage at 18 and father a child, concerns did economic basis "I had to earn more to support my little kid, so I thought of going to work in the U.S.," he said in an interview.
Fortunately, we had a family "other side" as his father and brother were waiting with a roof to share and search for job security. This is an advantage for more than 500 million Mexicans who cross the border each year, since this is "many migrants and may be welcomed in spaces or more family friendly than in the past when it was most inhospitable undocumented migration, "said Valdés Ugalde.
However, Fernando "even if you have family on the other side, fear on the journey never goes away, you start to wonder, what if I fail the coyote? or fear for your life to be caught by la migra. "
And, as mentioned in the text Bartra cited above, you risk a lot to the cross: "[...] those who go on foot or risking their lives on freight trains, those who fail to pass and get stuck in this side in the maquila or precarious jobs [...] those who die on the way: heat or cold, thirst or drowning, train, knife or bullet, those who fall into the hands of the INS [...] those men and they catch the sordid prostitution in brothels, bars or teibols. "
Most of those crossing are young people between 15 and 25, although in recent years has been recording as many entire families who intended to cross the desert, even newborns.
For this reason, it is easy to believe Arturo Cano "Towards a geography of another Mexico" when he says that "one out of every ten Mexican households have a member with a history of migration to the United States. Only 93 of 2 000 443 municipalities are not linked to migration, either through remittances or migrant. "
According to the National Population Council (CONAPO) there are a total of 21.5 million Mexicans in the U.S. guests, ie, 60 percent of the total number of Hispanics. It is pertinent to point out that the term Hispanic has its origins from 1940 when the census identified under it to anyone who indicated English as their mother tongue, but now believes it is a loose term, since even it is exclusionary and offensive for those who do not share the English language, as the case of Brazilians said they Paz Trigueros Article Lengarreta "The diverse world of Latino" .
But Mexicans residing in the United States, "45% are women, 13% are under 15 years, 70% are between 15 and 45 years and 17% are over 45. Overall, the Latino population and had 36.3 million total population growth in the nineties to 57.9%, four times that of the U.S. population in general. The Mexican population was the major contributor to this growth, "said Arturo Cano La Jornada.
Although most Americans believe that immigrants are a cost to his nation the reality is quite the opposite. Immigrants work at low wages for their undocumented status, they do not absolve it from paying taxes. Simply, the unreturned item of tax and pensions paid by the government, the U.S. remains each year five billion dollars.
addition to the above, migrants are at the heart of agricultural production in the States. "In agriculture it is all in English, so that only they can get are American, but are 1%. The United States is a Mexicanized agriculture: 85% of its workers was born in Mexico. Two million, "said Durand. And if figures
treated, CONAPO offers a time line which includes the number of Mexicans who have left the country seeking the American dream. To begin during the 60's Parts 260 to 290 thousand people during the 70's 1.2 to 1.5 million in the next decade was an amount of between 2.1 and 2.6 million in the 90's the figure rose to 3 million.
Later, during the presidency of Vicente Fox, the border crossed over 2 million Mexicans, equivalent to the entire population of Baja California Sur, Campeche, Colima and it is expected that by 2015 no more than 4 million Mexicans, while By 2030 it is estimated up to 10 million migrants. Cano
cited in the text to the doctor and Ofelia Woo specialist, who said that female migration was seen for a long time as "family reunification." But in the early 90's, a study by the researcher showed that women who had left for the U.S. own individual claims, because "40% of respondents were single and most had at least finished high school. Between l998 and 2000, women who crossed the border as undocumented, 56% and 39% were single heads of household. "
The case of child migration is of great relevance, as opposed to what could be considered, children do not travel decisions of parents or forming a family, are smaller than try to pass on their own, without families or smugglers. The Immigration and Naturalization Service states that 60 000 people who pretend to the other side are children and 90 thousand a year manage to cross. According to Arturo Cano
during the 50's the main destination of the peasants was Texas, in the 60's was California and thereafter became an eastward shift, wounded to places like Florida and Georgia, and New York and Las Vegas, where do hard work, dangerous or obnoxious to the native population.
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